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TSPO translocator protein [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 706, updated on 2-Nov-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
TSPOprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
translocator proteinprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:1158
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000100300 MIM:109610; AllianceGenome:HGNC:1158
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
DBI; IBP; MBR; PBR; PBS; BPBS; BZRP; PKBS; PTBR; mDRC; pk18; TSPO1
Summary
Present mainly in the mitochondrial compartment of peripheral tissues, the protein encoded by this gene interacts with some benzodiazepines and has different affinities than its endogenous counterpart. The protein is a key factor in the flow of cholesterol into mitochondria to permit the initiation of steroid hormone synthesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been reported; one of the variants lacks an internal exon and is considered non-coding, and the other variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]
Expression
Broad expression in bone marrow (RPKM 105.6), fat (RPKM 61.4) and 20 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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See TSPO in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
22q13.2
Exon count:
5
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 22 NC_000022.11 (43151559..43163242)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 22 NC_060946.1 (43632715..43644077)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 22 NC_000022.10 (43547565..43559248)

Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43506823-43507381 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13854 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19183 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43524576-43525453 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_63425 Neighboring gene BCL2 interacting killer Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13855 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19185 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13856 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19186 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43553089-43553609 Neighboring gene malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43559052-43559555 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43559556-43560058 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43564214-43565070 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43565071-43565926 Neighboring gene tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43581791-43582295 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19188 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13857 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13858 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13859 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43593145-43594077 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43594078-43595009 Neighboring gene signal peptide, CUB domain and EGF like domain containing 1 Neighboring gene SCUBE1 antisense RNA 2

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Increased binding of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in mild cognitive impairment-dementia converters measured by positron emission tomography with [¹¹C]DAA1106. Yasuno F, et al. Psychiatry Res, 2012 Jul 30. PMID 22892349
  2. Concentration-dependent bimodal effect of specific 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands on cell death processes induced by ammonium chloride: potential implications for neuropathological effects due to hyperammonemia. Caballero B, et al. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2014. PMID 24168369
  3. The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) disrupts mammary epithelial morphogenesis and promotes breast cancer cell migration. Wu X, et al. PLoS One, 2013. PMID 23967175, Free PMC Article
  4. Bipolar Disorder is associated with the rs6971 polymorphism in the gene encoding 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO). Colasanti A, et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2013 Nov. PMID 23942012, Free PMC Article
  5. The neuroinflammation marker translocator protein is not elevated in individuals with mild-to-moderate depression: a [¹¹C]PBR28 PET study. Hannestad J, et al. Brain Behav Immun, 2013 Oct. PMID 23850810, Free PMC Article

See all (210) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
    Title: Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-β deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
  2. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas.
    Title: Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas.
  3. Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
    Title: Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
  4. [[18]F]DPA-714: Effect of co-medications, age, sex, BMI and TSPO polymorphism on the human plasma input function.
    Title: [(18)F]DPA-714: Effect of co-medications, age, sex, BMI and TSPO polymorphism on the human plasma input function.
  5. TSPO Modulates Oligomeric Amyloid-beta-Induced Monocyte Chemotaxis: Relevance for Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.
    Title: TSPO Modulates Oligomeric Amyloid-β-Induced Monocyte Chemotaxis: Relevance for Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.
  6. The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.
    Title: The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.
  7. TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma.
    Title: TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma.
  8. Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97.
    Title: Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97.
  9. Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells.
    Title: Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells.
  10. Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids.
    Title: Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (168)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction Pubs
Knockdown of TSPO by shRNA enhances HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Treatment with TSPO antagonists or knockdown of TSPO by shRNA activate HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells by restoring HIV-1 gp120/gp41 biogenesis PubMed
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env TSPO inhibits HIV-1 Env expression in 293T cells in a dose-dependent manner PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env Treatment with TSPO antagonists or knockdown of TSPO by shRNA activate HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells by restoring HIV-1 gp120/gp41 biogenesis PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables androgen binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables benzodiazepine receptor activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables cholesterol binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables cholesterol binding TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables cholesterol transfer activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables transmembrane transporter binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
involved_in adrenal gland development IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in behavioral response to pain IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cellular hypotonic response IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cellular response to zinc ion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in chloride transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in cholesterol homeostasis IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in contact inhibition IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in glial cell migration IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in heme biosynthetic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in monoatomic anion transport TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of ATP metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of corticosterone secretion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of glial cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of mitophagy IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of protein ubiquitination IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in peripheral nervous system axon regeneration IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of calcium ion transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of glial cell proliferation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in protein targeting to mitochondrion TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of cholesterol transport TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in regulation of steroid biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to acetylcholine IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to manganese ion IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to progesterone IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to testosterone IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to vitamin B1 IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in response to xenobiotic stimulus IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in steroid metabolic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in sterol transport IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
is_active_in membrane IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in mitochondrial outer membrane TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  

General protein information

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Preferred Names
translocator protein
Names
benzodiazepine peripheral binding site
mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor
peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_000714.6 → NP_000705.2  translocator protein

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000705.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (PBR) consists of four exons and encodes the protein PBR.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF075589, BC001110, BP420304
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS33661.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q13850
    Related
    ENSP00000338004.3, ENST00000337554.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03073
    Location:12 → 155
    TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

  2. NM_001256530.1 → NP_001243459.1  translocator protein

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243459.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant PBR. Variants PBR, 3 and 4 encode the same protein.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF075590, BC001110, BG750685
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS33661.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q13850
    Related
    ENSP00000379563.4, ENST00000396265.4
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03073
    Location:12 → 155
    TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

  3. NM_001256531.1 → NP_001243460.1  translocator protein

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243460.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant PBR. Variants PBR, 3 and 4 encode the same protein.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF075590, BC001110, BG749252
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS33661.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q13850
    Related
    ENSP00000328973.4, ENST00000329563.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    pfam03073
    Location:12 → 155
    TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

RNA

  1. NR_046308.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (PBR-S) lacks an internal exon, compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the longest available open reading frame is found in a different frame, compared to variant PBR, and there is no experimental support for the existence of the predicted protein. This transcript has been described in PMID:8307574.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF075589, BC001110, L21950
    Related
    ENST00000583777.5

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000022.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    43151559..43163242
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_047441479.1 → XP_047297435.1  translocator protein isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060946.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    43632715..43644077
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054325888.1 → XP_054181863.1  translocator protein isoform X1

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

  1. NM_007311.3: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_007311.3: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is support for the transcript but not for the protein.
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P30536.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P30536

Gene LinkOut

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